Working Capital Essays

Working Capital Essays Working Capital Essay Working Capital Essay Tw elfth Edition INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Environments and Operations John D. Daniels University of Miami Lee H. Radebaugh Brigham Young University Daniel P. Sullivan University of Delaware Pearson Education International Contents Preface 29 About the Authors PART ONE 39 BACKGROUND FOR INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 44 1 Globalization and International Business 45 49 44 CASE: The Global Playground Introduction 48 W h a t Is International Business7. The Forces Driving Globalization 50 Factors in Increased Globalization 51 Whats Wrong with Globalization? 56 Threats to National Sovereignty 56 Financial Growth and Environmental Stress 57 Growing Income Inequality 57 s | Point ^J3ffi^S^^3 Offshoring Good Strategy? 58 Why Companies Engage in InternationaLBusiness Expanding Sales 60 , Acquiring Resources 60 Minimizing Risk 60 Modes of Operations in International Business Merchandise Exports and Imports 62 Service Exports and Imports 62 Investments 63 Types of International Organizations 63 Why International Business Differs from Domestic Business 64 Physical and Social Factors 65 The Competitive Environment 67 Looking to the Future: 61 Three Ways of Looking at Globalization 68 C A S E : Carnival Cruise Lines: Exploiting a Sea of Global Opportunity 69 74 Summary Key Terms 75 Endnotes 75 An Atlas 78 Map Index 86 Contents 2 PART TWO COMPARATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORKS 90 91 90 The Cultural Environments Facing Business 94 95 C A S E : The Java Lounge-Adjusting to Saudi Arabian Culture Introduction The People Factor Cultural Awareness 96 97 A Little Learning Goes a Long Way The Nation as a Point of Reference How Cultures Form and Change The Idea of a Nation: Delineating Cultures 98 99 98 Language as Both a Diffuser and Stabilizer of Culture 100 103 Does Geography Matter? Where Birds of a Feather Flock Together Religion as a Cultural Stabilizer 104 Behavioral Practices Affecting Business 106 Issues in Social Stratification 106 Work Motivation 109 Relationship Preferences I II Risk-Taking Behavior I 12 Information and Task Processing I 13 Communications I 15 Dealing with Cultural Differences Accommodation I 18 118 Cultural Distance: Usefulness and Limitations I 19 Culture Shock 119 Company and Management Orientations 121 [ P o j n t B f l J H ^ f l Does International Business Lead to Cultural Imperialism? Procedures for Instituting Change 125 127 Looking to the Future: What Will Happen to National Cultures? C A S E : Charles Martin in Uganda: What to Do When a Manager Goes Native 128 123 Summary Key Terms Endnotes 132 133 3 The Political and Legal Environments Facing Business 137 136 C A S E : China-Legal Growing Pains in a Land of Opportunity Introduction 141 The Political Environment 142 143 Individualism Versus Collectivism Political Ideology 144 Trends in Political Systems 150 Contents Looking to the Future: What Might Become of Democracy? Political Risk 154 153 156 J | Point | g ^ | ^ j 3 Should Political Risk Management Be an Active Strategy? The Legal Environment 157 Legal Systems 158 Types of Legal Systems 158 The Diffusion of Legal Systems 159 Trends in Legal Systems 160 Understanding Bases of Rule 161 Implications for Managers 162 Legal Issues in International Business Operational Concerns 164 Strategic Concerns 166 Intellectual Property Rights 168 164 C A S E : Crime That Pays (and Pretty Well, Too) Summary Key Terms Endnotes 177 178 172 4 The Economic Environments Facing Businesses 184 186 180 181 C A S E : Economic Conundrums and the Comeback of Emerging Economies Introduction International Economic Analysis Components of the Economic Environment Gross National Income 187 Features of an Economy 196 Inflation 196 197 199 Unemployment Debt 198 Income Distribution Poverty 200 Labor Costs Productivity 201 202 187 The Balance of Payments | Point |[emailprotected]â §3^^fl Is a Trade Deficit an Advantage? Incorporating Economic Analysis 206 Types of Economic Systems 206 Economic Freedom and Market Transitions Making the Transition to a Market Economy Looking to the Future: C A S E : Meet the BRICs Summary 222 204 209 21 I Is There a Move to Push Back Economic Freedom? 216 218 Contents Key Terms Endnotes 223 5 Globalization and Society 230 231 232 226 227 C A S E : Ecomagination and the Global Greening of GE Introduction Evaluating the Impact of FDI Considering the Logic of FDI The Economic Impact of the M N E 234 Balance-of-Payments Effects 234 Growth and Employment Effects 236 The Foundations of Ethical Behavior 237 Why Do Companies Care About Ethical Behavior? 237 The Cultural Foundations of Ethical Behavior 238 The Legal Foundations of Ethical Behavior 240 Ethics and Corporate Bribery 241 Corruption and Bribery 241 | Point | j E B 5 E ^ f l Are Top Managers Responsible When Corruption Is Afoot? 44 Ethics and the Environment What Is Sustainability? Looking to the Future: 246 248 249 Global Warming and the Kyoto Protocol Ethical Dilemmas and Business Practices How to See the Trees in the Rain Forest Ethical Dilemmas and the Pharmaceutical Industry 249 Ethical Dimensions of Labor Conditions 251 Corporate Codes of Ethics: How Should a Company Behave? 254 C A S E : Anglo American PLC in Sou th Africa: What Do You Do When Costs Reach Epidemic Proportions? 256 Summary Key Terms Endnotes 260 261 THEORIES AND INSTITUTIONS: TRADE AND INVESTMENT 264 PART THREE International Trade and Factor-Mobility Theory 268 264 265 C A S E : Costa Rica: Using Foreign Trade to Trade-Up Economically Introduction Laissez-Faire Versus Interventionist Approaches to Exports and Imports 269 Theories of Trade Patterns 269 Contents Interventionist Theories Mercantilism 270 Free Trade Theories 271 270 Theory of Absolute Advantage 272 Theory of Comparative Advantage 274 Theories of Specialization: Some Assumptions and Limitations 276 Trade Patterns Theories 278 279 284 How Much Does a Country Trade? 278 What Types of Products Does a Country Trade? With Whom Do Countries Trade? Does Geography Make a difference? The Statics and Dynamics of Trade Product Life Cycle (PLC) Theory The Porter Diamond 287 282 285 Variety Is the Spice of Life | Point |g^^^J35flfl Should Nations Use Strategic Trade Policies? 289 Factor-Mobility Theory 291 292 293 295 298 299 Why Production Factors Move Effects of Factor Movements Looking to the Future: Summary Key Terms Endnotes 302 304 The Relationship Between Trade and Factor Mobility C A S E : LUKOIL: Trade Strategy atja Privatized Exporter J In What Direction Will Trade Winds Blow? 7 Governmental Influence on Trade 06 C A S E : Making the Emperors (and Everyone Elses) New Clothes: Textile and Clothing Trade 307 Introduction 310 Conflicting Results of Trade Policies 311 The Role of Stakeholders 31 I Economic Rationales for Governmental Intervention Fighting Unemployment 312 Protecting Infant Industries 313 Developing an Industrial Base 314 Economic Relationships with Other Countries 316 Noneconomic R ationales for Government Intervention Maintaining Essential Industries 319 Preventing Shipments to Unfriendly Countries 319 ^ Â § j t ^ 3 Should Governments Forgo Trade Sanctions? Keeping up or Extending Spheres of Influence Preserving National Identity 321 311 319 320 10 Contents Instruments of Trade Control Tariffs 322 321 Nontariff Barriers: Direct Price Influences 323 Nontariff Barriers: Quantity Controls 325 Dealing with Governmental Trade Influences Tactics for Dealing with Import Competition Looking to the Future: 328 329 330 Dynamics and Complexity C A S E : U. S. - Cuban Trade: When Does a Cold War Strategy Become a Cold War Relic? 330 Summary Key Terms Endnotes 333 334 8 Cross-National Cooperation and Agreements 337 340 339 336 C A S E : Toyotas European Drive Introduction The World Trade Organization (WTO) GATT: The Predecessor to the W T O What Does the W T O Do? 341 The Rise of Bilateral Agreements 342 Regional Economic Integration 343 The Effects of Integration 344 Major Regional Trading Groups 345 The European Union 346 351 356 The NorthAmerican Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Regional Economic Integration in the Americas | Point U B I H B I Is CAFTA-DR a Good Idea? 359 Regional Economic Integration in Asia 360 Regional Economic Integration in Africa Looking to the Future: 362 Will the WTO Overcome Bilateral and Regional Integration Efforts? 63 Other Forms of International Cooperation 364 Commodity Agreements Consumers and Producers C A S E : Wal-Mart Goes South Summary 370 365 366 367 Commodities and the World Economy The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Key Terms Endnotes 371 Contents 11 9 PART FOUR WORLD FINANCIAL ENVIRONMENT 374 Global Foreign-Exchange Markets CASE: Going Down to the Wire in the Money-Transfer Market Introduct ion 377 W h a t Is Foreign Exchange? 377 375 Players on the Foreign-Exchange Market Does Geography Matter? 378 382 A few Aspects of the Foreign-Exchange Market Major Foreign-Exchange Markets The Spot Market 383 The Forward Market 387 Options 388 Futures 388 383 Foreign-Exchange Trades The Foreign-Exchange Trading Process Banks and Exchanges Looking to the Future: 390 388 392 Where Are Foreign-Exchange Markets Headed? 394 How Companies Use Foreign Exchange 393 Business Purposes (I): Cash Flow Aspects of Imports and Exports Business Purposes (II): Other Financial Flows C A S E : Banking on Argentina Summary Key Terms Endnotes 402 403 404 398 395 396 | Point | { | j f l j ^ ; g f I 3 Is It Ok to Speculate on Currency? 0 The Determination of Exchange Rates C A S E : El Salvador Adopts the U. S. Dollar Introduction 409 407 406 The International Monetary Fund 410 Origin and Objectives 410 The IMF Today 410 Evolution to Floating Exchange Rates 41 I Exchange-Rate Arrangements Fixed Versus Flexible Currencies 412 414 416 Exchange Arrangements with No Separate Legal Tender Currency Board Arrangements 416 C onventional F

War as Threat to Value of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

War as Threat to Value of Life - Essay Example Sometime in the past war had been the thing to take care of, and warriors used to be looked with extraordinary love and deference. Some way or another, the two Great Wars of twentieth century have understood the individuals the deadly delayed consequences of the slaughter and animosity, where a huge number of individuals passed on and turned injured and incapacitated, alongside the inversion of money related and logical accomplishments man had designed and formulated after the hard endeavors of numerous decades. Thus, wars carried ruination to advance, success, solidarity and virtues, and squash all morals and nature of human life under their chariot wheels. It is reality past doubt that the historical backdrop of war is as old as the historical backdrop of human appearance on the very essence of the earth. â€Å"Distinguished scholar Immanuel Kant vehemently contends that the condition of harmony among the individuals living one next to the other and staying in steady communication with each other can't be stayed quiet, all things considered in the idea of man to contain contrasts with other individual creatures. It is consequently it is war as opposed to harmony which could be expressed as the normal one.† (Porter, 2003: 310) One of the most basic explanations for the hostility and threat against others incorporates the intrinsic ravenous nature of people, which urges them to end the life of the adversary out of the sentiments of jealousy, desire, outrage and dread. It is subsequently the people and countries assault their adversaries so as to deny them of the benefits they have gotten. The Old Testament additionally portrays the story of the Abel’s murder on account of his genuine sibling Cain, who was slaughtered as a result of God’s favor upon him as the acknowledgment of Abel’s penance. (Beginning 4: 1-17) Thus, the progression of first human blood on the earth made ready towards the arrangement of killings, deaths, slaughter a nd wars for the people in the future to come. In any case, it was an individual ill will that came about into fratricide; as the people are as yet occupied in slaughtering their brethren throughout the previous a few centuries, yet their desire of commanding over others has seen no satiety by any stretch of the imagination. History shows the very reality that the wars are initiated, exacted and battled in the consecrated name of religion, equity, harmony, solidarity, opportunity and human rights, where war hawks crush human social orders, societies and developments just to secure pelf, force, notoriety and ownership. It is consequently the fighting exacted upon mankind during old Greek, Hellenistic, Roman and Medieval periods just intended to oppress the powerless neighbors so as to grab their riches and assets by murdering their men, subjugating their ladies and adding their domains to their own nations. The European scramble for Asia and Africa during seventeenth century ahead lik ewise mirrored the mercilessness and butchery practiced by the huge forces upon the feeble and helpless people just to pronounce themselves as the politically influential nation. The ongoing war

Perl Harbor(Japanese-American Relationship) Research Paper

Perl Harbor(Japanese-American Relationship) - Research Paper Example A comparative response of bigotry towards a gathering of individuals can be seen from the occasions of September 11, 2001. Since the psychological oppressors were from the Middle East, many Middle Eastern Americans have been singled out by different Americans and treated inadequately. The assault by the Japanese on the American maritime base Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, will everlastingly be known as â€Å"a day that will live in infamy.† The choice by the Japanese to assault the United States on their own dirt has regularly been alluded to as â€Å"awakening a resting giant.† This assault provoked the United States to proclaim war with Japan. The Japanese-American relationship went from to some degree serene to in a condition of war practically for the time being. The main reaction the United States could have had was to announce war on Japan. The book Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet by Jamie Ford gives an anecdotal, individual record of the stressed conne ction between the Japanese and Americans toward the start of World War II. In the book, a youthful Henry Lee becomes companions with a Japanese American young lady named Keiko Okabe. He is from China yet she was conceived in the United States. After the occasions of Pearl Harbor, the setting of the book in Seattle has developed enemy of Japanese. Keiko and her family are sent to an internment camp since they are Japanese in cause. The anecdotal novel shows the broad frenzy by Americans toward other Japanese Americans during this timeframe. After America announced war on Japan, Americans began to lose trust in their Japanese worker companions and neighbors. The arrangement was to drive the Japanese outsiders into internment camps so as to keep any government operatives from helping Japan. This arrangement was the consequence of dread, deception, and by and large obliviousness from the American individuals and government. Two months after the Japanese assaulted Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt marked a request that constrained Japanese Americans to move to internment camps (Peterson 16). Somewhere in the range of 1942 and 1945, an expected 117,000 Japanese Americans lived in these camps. After an expected 3,500 Americans passed on during Pearl Harbor, and America announced war quickly on Japan accordingly (Tunnell 1). In his book about Japanese internment camps, Tunnell clarifies the response by Americans to their companions and neighbors who happened to be Japanese: â€Å"Fiery energetic promulgation against Japan filled papers and radio stations, and numerous Americans were overwhelmed by an unreasonable disdain of anything Japanese-including individual Americans who wore Japanese countenances (1).† America has numerous migrants, and in 1941 there were numerous outsiders who had come to America from Japan. The issue was that they â€Å"looked like the enemy† (Tunnell 2). Prejudice towards Japanese Americans before the assaults on Pea rl Harbor was normal: In the Pacific States, they were not permitted to claim land or wed outside their race-in a nation set up by migrants, no less! It was normal to see bulletins during the 1920’s, 1930’s, and mid 1940’s on the West Coast that read ‘Japs, don’t let the sun sparkle on you here. Keep moving,’ or ‘Japs continue moving. This is a white man’s neighborhood. (Tunnell 3) Many Americans were unexplainably supremacist to Japanese workers before the occasions of Pearl Harbor. The term â€Å"Japs† was a harsh term for the Japanese individuals. At that point, when Japan assaulted Pearl

One Missed Call by Takashi Miike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

One Missed Call by Takashi Miike - Essay Example One Missed Call is the account of an understudy Yumi Nakamura whose companion Yoko gets a call with a ring tone she has never heard. The message is dated three days later with her own voice saying It's begun pouring. This is trailed by a spine-chilling shout and after certain days the occasions heard in the message really occur and Yoko passes on a grim demise. A few different casualties get comparable messages on their PDAs dated a day or two later on and kick the bucket savage passings. The story is about Yumi finding the wellspring of these calls with the assistance of a man whose sister was the main casualty to kick the bucket. Their interest drives them to a young lady who has passed on of asthma and her oppressive mother. In One Missed Call one discovers all the clichã ©s of J-Horror movies, for example, stun, repulsiveness and torment, however the chief here uses them adequately and alarms the crowd with some inventive turns. The scenes might be comfortable with fingers comin g out of organizers, creeping shadows, young ladies with protruding eyes trembling in corners and unnerving audio cues. Scenes, for example, a revive body pursuing Ko Shiasaki in the surrendered emergency clinic figure out how to stun the crowd. The casualties are tormented by the repulsiveness of the messages that they get on their phones. The killings demonstrated are grim and realistic in detail. Takashi Miike exceeds expectations in startling the crowd. The best succession of the film is the unscripted tv show where a panicked young lady who has gotten the deadly message is constrained by some TV makers.

Urban And Social Policy At SIPA What You Need To Know COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Urban And Social Policy At SIPA What You Need To Know COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog In the 21st century, it is absolutely pivotal for policymakers to understand the phenomenon of urbanization. Today, half of the world’s people reside in cities, and experts agree that this trend shows no sign of abating. According to Urban Habitat, by 2050 six billion inhabitants will call cities home. Because of this dramatic population explosion experienced by cities around the globe, there must be urban experts that can assess issues pertaining to growth. How will children in these areas be educated? Is there access to quality healthcare? What about transportation options, and national security issues, and housing policies, and crumbling infrastructure? This is where SIPA’s urban and social policy (USP) concentration comes in. The USP concentration at SIPA is purposely flexible; one chooses to specialize in either urban policy or social policy, and is required to take one of the offered core courses (I took Critical Issues In Urban Public Policy with former New York City Mayor David Dinkins and highly recommend it). After meeting those guidelines, students are free to explore the wide range of USP offerings, and the breadth of classes is really fantastic. The obvious observation on USP at SIPA is that there is no better place to study urban issues than in the heart of New York City. The school is able to draw on its strategic location and use the Big Apple as a supplement to the coursework. Why read about issues in transportation when you can speak to officials at the MTA and observe commuter patterns on the subway? Why sit through a powerpoint lecture on green spaces and urban renewal when you can go visit the High Line or the revamped Hudson River Park? Coupled with SIPA’s ability to attract professors with extensive experience in city government (USP Program Director Ester Fuchs is a prime example) and the ability to intern in a field that matches your interests, I would be hard-pressed to come up with a better scenario for those interested in urban studies. Moreover, our dual-degree program is perfectly aligned for students who want to get an education in public administration or international affairs and also delve deeper into another area of expertise. Aspiring city planners and architects should look into our program with GSAAP, future social workers should look into our partnership with Columbia’s School of Social Work, and budding teachers should look into taking classes with Teacher’s College. It is so easy for students to develop a curriculum that addresses urban issues and meets their career goals. Through my coursework in USP, I have had the privilege of taking classes on modern urban terrorism, sustainability in cities, and land use issues. I also am looking forward to my capstone workshop next semester, when I will be able to apply the skills I have honed in the classroom and apply them to a real-world scenario. If you are interested in reshaping our cities and in turn, reshaping society, I urge you to take a closer look at SIPA’s USP program.